Francisco Javier Albarello
journalistic style
journalistic genres
Genres information
Genres interpretive
Genres opinion
2. Other ways of reporting:
Photo
Infographics
The newspaper is a type of writing that is distinguished from the others (the fiction, for example) primarily by two characteristics: its direct appeal to a referent (reality) and language (clear, direct and concise, addressed to a well-defined groups). On this appeal was cemented constant reference, almost with the birth of journalism as a socially recognized activity, the paradigm of journalistic objectivity (paradigm, on the other hand, undergoes various crises in their relationship with the truth and the impossibility of a transmission absolutely faithful to her.) From another point of view, we can say that what differentiates the journalistic discourse, for example, the literature, is his style. Journalistic style that can appeal to resources such as argumentation, narration, description, rhetorical figures, photographs, graphics, and (if we extend the notion to all media) moving images and sound diversity. It should also build their own rules and meet certain requirements to be decoded by the receiver. The particular combination of all these elements define the style the medium, which may be different from the style of other media. That is, there would then two style definitions: a broad, journalistic style that differentiates them from other types of speeches (we return to the example of the literature), and a narrow definition that separates people from other news media according to their different use of that style. Let
definitions exist on style: in "Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies", find the following definition:
"styles relate to how to do certain things, for example, playing a musical a speech, wearing a dress or a haircut, or the way it's written a book. " (1) We see that the notion of style has to do with the individual, ie, that each person can have their way, or that every journalist can be your style.
Also, the style has a fundamental role in the identity of medium:
"styles are an integral part of those sets of rules, codes and conventions organized forms of social interaction, communication and identity , and that the question and express. " (2) Thus journalistic style of speech made by every means of communication not only prescribes the rules for its internal coherence, but also determines the contact made with the receiver. Somehow, the music is a fundamental factor in establishing the contract reading, ie guidelines from which receiver addresses that environment and expect to find in it certain things expressed from a certain point of view.
According to the Manual of Style and Ethics of the Argentine daily newspaper La Nacion, "the news is information about an important issue that occurs in a time that we consider today. " (3) . The genres are transforming the news in "graphic signal, vocal or visible" (4) The concept of journalistic genre is their great differences in style. You can say that within the journalistic style, there are certain kinds of writing and reporting, different codes, ie different genres.
Returning to manual "Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies" , the genres are "paradigmatic forms known in which classified the total output of a given medium (film, television, writing)" (5) . That is, gender is a convention according to which recognizes a particular kind of discourse, and this recognition is through on product characteristics. The journalist, in producing the information, conform to certain fees for their information to be decoded according to a particular genre. As this semantic encoding, genres change over time, so it's very difficult to frame comprehensive categories and differentiate the different journalistic styles.
According to the classical division Saxon, there are traditionally two kinds of genres: news and comments, ie, news, and comments, which we understand as information genres and genres of opinion. But with the advent of the American interpretation genre, comes a third party can not frame any of the previous two. Then, according to the objective pursued, the journalistic genres can be grouped into information genres, genders and genres interpretive opinion.
is the first type of journalism that flourishes in the nineteenth century American newspapers. In this group are all those productions that seek to objectivity as an ideal, trying to get the role of journalists to be transparent, meaning that goes unnoticed in his account of the facts. Attempt to describe and reproduce the observed fact without giving any explanation, justification or review (although this is impossible, because from you when you choose to have some facts rather than others, they're reviewing, but this is the subject of this module.) Within this genre we find the press release, chronicles, interviews and the note. Here, we characterize each of them:
Gacetilla: is a clear, brief, one paragraph, which must respond to the 5 classic questions: What, Who?, When, how? and where? (In the U.S. this way is called " that of the 5 W ). Also referred to as press release to the press release that the offices of distributing public or private entities are forwarded to the media to publicize their activities.
Chronic for Mabel Martínez Valle, "the chronic response to older journalistic model" (6) , although Raúl Peñaranda, that place is occupied by the journalism of opinion as the first journals emerged after the advent of the printing press of Gutenberg, "generally related to political issues and were used by different interest groups as a means of amplification of ideas." (7) . The original form of the chronicle was normal or chronological pyramid, with an introduction, middle and end. That kind of story that hegemonized American journalism of the nineteenth century, it evolved into the inverted pyramid, where the main information appears in the first paragraph, for convenience to the reader with a faster access information because they do not have much time to stop and read a newspaper. In addition, the inverted pyramid structure (whose creation is attributed to the Associated Press news agency, which used the telegraph to transmit information, so the inverted pyramid scheme ensured the acquisition of critical data if the top was cut transmission) facilitated the task of the pager or diagram, since if more than enough material could be cut paragraphs from the bottom up without risk of omitting important information. This, with the introduction of personal computers in the newsroom is hardly necessary. The Chronicle must respond in its first paragraph (which according to various authors acquired names head, tuft or lead) to the five questions as described in the definition of press release. The chronicle contains the narrative of the fact, description of environments and individuals, transcripts of testimony and other data to help contextualize the information. In the U.S., France and Spain, this genre is called report, a term that otherwise we consider synonymous interview. If the journalist resorts to the explanation or interpretation of the facts, the review becomes more interpretive than informative. For the style guide of The Nation, "chronicle usually is a hot genre, which requires the journalist that is in place and is witness to the fact about which will inform their readers." (8)
Interview: The New York Times published the first interview of the story on 20 August 1859, when Horace Greeley made it the leader Brigham Young mormóm (9) . It is to present information from a person authorized, or its purpose is to reveal the thinking of certain personality or his views on some topical issue. Journalist may choose to transcribe verbatim questions and answers, and do before a portrait of the interview situation: place, time, disposition of the respondent, their mood, their dress and the reason for the interview. If the journalist incurred in interpretation of gestures, attitudes and responses, the interview becomes an interpretative rather than informative. We thus see the difficulty of considering gender as discursive forms pure.
Note: this production journalism appears late in the twentieth century. Here, the reporter is not confined to objective account of the facts, but can make use of creativity to "bring the reader into the environment, the situation, the characters that brings into play the news. Complements hard information with context data, side stories, reflections, anecdotes or significant events" . (10) a note is treated in depth, which sheds light on some current event, but is also a very suitable format for notes is not subject to the temporary (very common in the weekly, biweekly or month). This is another kind that can cross the field of interpretation, depending on the dose of explanation and interpretation which applies when journalists do it.
Thanks to technical advances beginning of last century, also arises in the United States modern journalism, and a few decades later, Time magazine and imposes a style not based on objective account of the facts, but attempts to classify them and explain and relate to other events, according to the publisher's point of view. To Fagoaga Concha "was not directly relate only a few facts about which there was a context information, but those facts to the potential receiver gain some key events reported ". (11)
genres This engendered in the 60's what became known as New Journalism , established by journalists like Tom Wolfe and Truman Capote, among others.
Raúl Peñaranda says: "The authors of" New Journalism "was allowed to" get "in the psychology of the character and reflect all elements of the environment, after making several" depth interviews "to everyone involved," ( 12) In "Story of a Naugrafo" (13) , Gabriel García Márquez applies a technique essentially similar to the so-called New Journalism by American authors, when this technique is just beginning to be used in the north country. This new trend of journalism is very controversial, because it is considered closer to the non-fiction literature that pure journalism, but has continued to exert influence in many countries (Argentina, Página/12) published notes such in-depth interviews with political figures with whom the journalist had to live for several days to achieve a rapprochement with him.
Both chronic, as the interview and the note can be informative or interpretive depending on where you put the emphasis when making them. In the first group and generic, will emphasize the objective account of the facts, and in the second case, the focus on offering a particular view of the facts. For example, Juan Raul Peñaranda quoted Gargurevich when he noted that "in the 40's, in the war, and when the victory of the Allies against the Nazi regime was not so clear, the population no longer required" cold data " , as was the tradition in this country, but explanations, considered by little more than a sin " (14)
color Notes : can be considered in this type of note in the performing group, since they depend on the creativity of the journalist to relate facts of reality. It is a light style note that can be presented in a report, which focuses on a character, emotional or a fact that qualifies the subject. Sometimes the color can be provided by a photograph depicting an unprecedented event. In television news, such notes are often used as end of block or issue, keeping the hard or thorny issues for the early block.
journalist "raises, argues, approves or disagree, according to general social ideas, political and cultural" . ( 15 ) genre composed editorial, opinion column, criticism and commentary.
Editorial: expresses the middle position on a given topic, and may be written by editors or by the director or deputy editor of the media. "The ideal role of the editorial is to inform and guide public opinion. Interprets the reader with news of the day and says it means" . (16)
Opinion column: is a text produced by an employee or guest column, although in rare cases it can make an environmental journalist. Basically expresses the opinion of that person on a topic of common interest. Seeks to explain, give answers or ask questions about certain issues, it should appear signed. According to the Manual of Style Clarín, "all opinion columns should carry a footnote indicating the page where profession, position, specialty or political affiliation when necessary" . (17)
Review: expresses the point of view of a specialist in a literary, cinematic, musical, theatrical, etc. While there are various schools of criticism, basically trying to evaluate the work according to certain conventional parameters that must be made explicit to the receiver.
Comment: the journalist made a thorough analysis of some fact of reality , breaks it down into parts and then re-write according to a particular viewpoint. Indicates the recipient a way to understand this fact.
Photo
For Clarin Style Manual, "journalistic photography is another way of informing ." (18) . Supported by a high degree of credibility, the photo should provide new information, and never repeat what appears in the text. Photojournalism (or "photojournalism" according to the Manual of Style The Nation) has two distinct functions according to how it is used:
1) documentation: records the facts without the photographer involved in the action, only an observer
2) illustration: using expressive resources to recreate a situation, an atmosphere or character. Here you can manipulate the image with an artistic purpose, but it should be explained
The caption (short text that appears below the picture) should not repeat what is in the image. According to Clarín Style Manual should provide "informative data necessary to clarify what the image shows" . (19) . For the Manual Style Nation, heading "should be written almost like a story in itself" . (20)
Computer graphics is a combination of visual elements that are used to explain information that is best understood graphically. Although since the mid-twentieth century computer graphics are used, just with the implementation of computers, this genre matures. The goal of computer graphics is not "embellish" the written information, but provide more data to better understand it. You can understand simple graphs and tables, maps, bar, fevers or cakes, as well as complex graphics such as those that account for an action in great detail (for example, a plane crash). Computer graphics as a genre can be considered the type of interpretation, since it is a graphic explanation of a fact, part of a chronic or a rather more important.
far analyzed the traditional genres of journalism, especially photojournalism and highlight the changes that they suffer when translated into digital format. Now we will study the Internet's own gender. One thing they share, these genres developed, some more than others, the three constitutive features of the web: hypertext, multimedia and interactivity. Internet's own gender are readers' letters, mailing lists, discussion forums, opinion polls and interviews on-line, all arched in which genres can be referred to feedback from users. Then, find other genres such as animated graphics, the newsletter and testing
The level of interactivity that allows Internet has led to the emergence of different genres that went well beyond the traditional letter to the editor of the print media. On the Web, people can think in different ways and create informative content that can either be labeled as new genres, not with the same style characteristics as those generated by journalists (the traditional genres), but with one more language close to the average user of digital media.
Letters to the Editor
This resource belongs to the print media. Letters from readers are the only type of interaction that exists between newspapers and their readers. In some cases, answered daily by the same means to public concerns, producing a rich exchange between sender and receiver. The stylebook Nation highlights this type of speech under the title "Letter readers and interactivity" , said that this type of correspondence "must be viewed by publishers as true catalogs on the mood of the community " (21) . In its digital version ( http://www.lanacion.com.ar/ ), published in the cover letters that appear in the version paper.
Distribution Lists:
distribution lists or mailing lists ( listervs in English) is a forum where experts and interested people make judgments and discuss a variety of topics. The Internet has hundreds of thousands of mailing lists. One of the servers is the most important Rediris, academic Internet network in Spain ( www.rediris.es/list/ ), which has more than 700 mailing lists, including one on journalism. Join a mailing list must be entered in a register. The list also has a moderator who can apply participants filters that do not conform to the rules of the list.
Discussion Forums:
Users participate in discussion forums in various ways. One of them is the newsgroups (in English, newsgroups ), consisting of thematic forums, similar to mailing lists where messages are exchanged on a given topic. However, as the newsgroup moderator and have no registration required, become much more anarchic and abundant off-topic contributions (known in English off topic.) A powerful search engine for newsgroups is to Goggle ( www.groups.google.com/ )
Another way to participate in the discussion forums is through questions that launches a news website, an electronic diary, or simply a horizontal portal ( dealing with general subjects). A digital medium can launch a forum for a period of one day, related to a particular topic, or you can launch a forum Dures Aryan days, weeks or even month, should be a topic of interest and lends itself to diverse opinions. Claudio Veloso, "cast more than one forum the same day not only opens the range of offers, but can also be useful to measure the most attractive issues for discussion ". (22) . For example, the portal Starmedia ( http://www.starmedia.com/ ) throws various forums from the front.
According to an article the electronic journal baquia.com , forums exploit the interactivity of the Internet and ensure the popularity of a website, which translates into an increase in sales.
opinion polls
Similar to the forums, but this time with more closed questions or accurate. You can go to issues such as who won the election in a country until which films will win the Oscar of the Academy Awards. For example, the portal Terra ( http://www.terra.es/ ) launched a survey on a very general, and sets standards of qualification: good, bad, etc. .. This type of survey usually last several days or even a week.
In the case of online newspapers, you can set a survey about information. This type of survey can last a day or more, depending on the timing of the news. For example, the Argentine daily Clarin ( http://www.clarin.com.ar/ ) launches a survey on the topic of the day, and also sets parameters classification.
"It's very important that the polls show the partial results issued immediately after each review" , (23) says Claudio Veloso. Precisely, surveys are an important way to achieve public loyalty (ie, that readers keep checking the newspaper over time), and display the results is a way of maintaining interest in your opinion. Finally, it should be noted that often the topics chosen by the media to launch survey are directly related to the agenda of issues dealing with the media, ie those issues to they are given more importance.
The on-line interview
digital dailies scheduled virtual meetings with famous people (writers, politicians, artists, musicians, etc..). At a certain hour, the visitor encounters a group of people connected to the Internet and from your home (or the PC of the company that hired him) answered the questions raised by their spontaneous interviewers from their own homes through chat. In this new genre (also called forum ) mediation of the journalist disappears, and there is a messy but rich with the real exchange public interest. To this is added the interviewee "you read the questions that come and you can choose to answer those considered of greatest interest." (24) The English newspaper El Pais ( http://www.elpais.es/ ) is famous for his interviews on-line.
A classical computer graphics printing press, the Internet adds a high level of interactivity, as well as hypertext and multimedia tools. It is no longer just a chart with different visual elements, but the Animations support different access and reading routes. They may also include music, voiceover, sound effects, still and moving images, animations and text. Text can also be fixed or animated, which gives a much more interesting movement in this type of production. The animated graphics can be structured in several blocks linked by hypertext links. A good example of this kind is found in the site http://www.msnbc.com/ U.S., where its production about the U.S. war with Afghanistan.
Newsletter While it may be considered a type of publication, the electronic newsletter on the Internet has become a genre in itself. Has its antecedent in the news letters of Saxon origin (in fact, many papers on the web are named). The news letters were newsletters on specialized subjects who used the bankers and merchants of the Middle Ages to inform their customers about the rates and states of the squares. Also, the newsletter is an evolution of the news summaries that are always used in parliamentary bodies or government offices, which were recorded summaries news on a daily basis, and in some cases are archived notes published on subjects classified according to the interest of who requested it. All these functions can meet the newsletter and the Internet, it can take 3 forms:
a) summary of media: Daily provides a summary of the main news in daily newspapers your paper or digital, magazines or other publications, and in many cases provides a link to the notes contained in the summary.
b) summary of a publication: digital newspapers or periodicals offer a newsletter service which displays the titles of the notes made on the premises, with a direct link to them. They can also present a summary of each note so that the user has a better idea of \u200b\u200bwhat the article said.
Whether through e-books or just long articles in electronic journals themes, the genre of the essay (whose creation is attributed to the sixteenth century French writer Michel de Montaigne) recovers new Internet vigor. Not being conditioned by space, the test -As a literary genre appropriate for conveying ideas and reviews on various topics near the newspaper report the type of interpretation, is the protagonist of the journals, or vertical portals on the net. For researchers, the Internet becomes a wonderful tool because it is accessed through trials of various authors from different countries, and, in most cases, for free.
Mexican electronic magazine provides monthly http://www.saladeprensa.org/ interesting essays on topics related to media and journalism, with input from professionals and academics in different countries.
1 - O `Sullivan, Tim, Hartley, John, Saunders, Danny, Montgomery, Martin, Fiske, John , Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies (Buenos Aires), Amorrortu, 1995, pg. 132
2 - O `Sullivan, Tim, Hartley, John, Saunders, Danny, Montgomery, Martin, Fiske, John, Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies (Buenos Aires), Amorrortu, 1995 , pg. 133
5 - O `Sullivan, Tim, Hartley, John, Saunders, Danny, Montgomery, Martin, Fiske, John, Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies (Buenos Aires) Amorrortu, 1995, pg. 165
6 - Martínez Valle, Mabel, graphics and media journalistic techniques, (Buenos Aires), Ediciones Macchi, 1997, pg. 55
7 - Peña, Raúl, Genres news: what are they and what are they?, in http://www.saladeprensa.org/ (N º 26 , December 2000, Year III, Volume 2). Develops an interesting historical overview of the development of journalistic genres.
11 - Fagoaga, Concha, interpretive journalism. The analysis of the news, (Barcelona), Editorial Mitre, 1982, pg. 16.
12 - Peña, Raúl, Genres news: what are they and what are they?, in http://www.saladeprensa.org/ . (No. 26, December 2000, Year III, Volume 2)
13 - García Márquez's book begins: "El 28 de febrero de 1955 se conoció la noticia de que oco miembros de la tripulación del destructor Caldas, d ela marina de guerra de Colombia, habían caído al agua y desaparecido a causa de una tormenta en el mar Caribe." A partir de allí, el autor relata con minuciosidad y rigor periodístico los detalles de la aventura en primera persona, luego de haber mantenido entrevistas en profundidad con el verdadero náufrago.
García Márquez, Gabriel, Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Barcelona), Seix Barral, 1970.
14 - Peña, Raúl, Genres news: what are they and what are they?, in http://www.saladeprensa.org/ . (No. 26, December 2000, Year III, Volume 2)
15 - Martínez Valle, Mabel, graphics and media journalistic techniques, (Buenos Aires), Ediciones Macchi, 1997, pg. 85
16 - Martínez Valle, Mabel, graphics and media journalistic techniques, (Buenos Aires), Ediciones Macchi, 1997, pg. 86
22 - Veloso, Claudio, production and editing online content (Buenos Aires), Prentice Hall, 2001, pg. 62
23 - Veloso, Claudio, production and editing content online (Buenos Aires), Prentice Hall, 2001, pg. 60
24 - Armentia Vizuete, José Ignacio, Caminos Marcet, José María, Elexgaray Arias, Jon, Marín Murillo, Flora, Merchán Mota, Iker, El diario digital. Anñalisis textual content, formal aspects and advertising, (Barcelona) , Bosch, 2000, pg. 186
NOTE: Information taken from page : http://www.educared.org.ar/periodismo/curso/clase% 207/pe_07_02.htm # titulo10
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